Series  III. 


I,  No.  6. 


m  UBHAdi 
fif  WE 


UNJYERSITV  press  buknetwods 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO. 


THE  TEACHERS’  BULLETIN 


A  Monthly  Publication  of  the 

University  of  Cincinnati. 


A  Commentary  on  Materials 
Essential  to  the  Teaching 
of  Roman  History. 


OCTOBER,  1905. 


Voe.  I.,  No.  6. 


Published  at  the  University  Press,  Burnet  Woods, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


Entered  February  27,  1905,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  as  second 
class  matter,  under  Act  of  Congress  of  July  16,  1894. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2018  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/commentaryonmateOOhadz 


The  Teachers’  Bulletin 


Series  III.  October.  Voe.  I.,  No.  6. 


A  COMMENTARY  ON  MATERIALS  ES¬ 
SENTIAL  TO  THE  TEACHING  OF 
ROMAN  HISTORY. 

G.  D.  HADZSITS,  Assistant  Professor  of  Greek  and  katin. 


This  paper  is  a  result  of  the  conviction  that  the 
study  and  teaching-  of  Roman  history  should  be  as 
broad  as  possible  and  that  the  teacher  owes  it  to 
himself  and  to  his  students  to  fortify  himself  and 
to  enrich  their  interest,  by  constant  parallel  studies 
in  the  various  fields  of  Roman  endeavor. 

In  fact,  the  interrelation  of  Roman  history,  pub¬ 
lic  and  private  life,  religion,  geography,  archae¬ 
ology,  and  literature  is  so  close  that  the  study  of 
any  one  of  these  must  necessarily  take  account  of 
all  others.  A  synthetic  study  of  the  history  of  the 
Romans,  of  their  public  and  private  life,  of  their 
achievements  in  art,  architecture,  and  engineering, 
of  the  nature  of  their  religion,  of  the  character  of 
their  literature  so  illuminates  Roman  history  that 
a  shadowy  evolution  of  events  becomes  a  living, 
vital  expression  of  the  Roman  mind  and  tempera¬ 
ment. 


3 


What  may  seem  an  ideal  interpretation  of  Roman 
history,  may,  perhaps,  become  a  reality  by  a  con¬ 
scientious  effort  to  emplo}^  the  materials  suggested 
in  the  course  of  this  bulletin.  The  arrangement 
of  that  material  and  the  criticism  of  it  that  appears 
in  this  paper  may,  possibly,  facilitate  the  winning 
of  the  golden  apples  of  the  Hesperides.  The  selec¬ 
tion  of  this  material  has  been  determined,  entirely, 
by  practical  considerations.  This  fact  may,  it  is 
hoped,  disarm  criticism  touching  the  omission  of 
many  important  works,  so  numerous,  as  is  well 
known,  that  one  often  can  scarce  see  the  wood  for 
the  trees. 

The  unity  of  Roman  life  must  be  the  phylactery 
of  the  teacher  of  Roman  history.  The  early  Roman- 
Etruscan  architecture  corresponds  to  the  broad 
foundations  of  the  Roman  rule;  the  practical  nature 
of  the  basilica  is  a  correlative  to  the  simplicity  and 
dignity  of  Roman  law;  the  commemorative  columns 
and  arches  are  a  result  of  the  same  patriotic  im¬ 
pulse  that  led  to  a  proud  historical  literature ;  the 
Flavian  amphitheatre  betrays  the  same  love  for 
massive  grandeur  that  appears  in  the  Roman  ritual; 
the  Golden  House  of  a  Nero  reflects  decadence  as 
clearly  as  does  the  brilliant  mosaic  literature  of  a 
Seneca ;  a  patriotic,  national  realism  produced,  at 
once,  the  tragedies  of  an  Ennius  and  the  sculptural 
decorations  of  Trajan’s  column;  the  evolution  of 
domestic  architecture  is  parallel  to  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  an  individualistic  philosophy ;  the  Circus 
Maximus  spells  power  and  confidence  as  clearly  as 
does  the  career  of  Julius  Caesar;  “integer  vitae 
scelerisque  purus”  breathes  the  same  ambition  that 


4 


thrilled  a  Lucilius  and  fired  a  Juvenal ;  the  belief 
in  Rome’s  immortality  is  written  no  more  distinctly 
in  the  verse  “Dum  Capitolium  scandet  cum  tacita 
virgine  pontifex”  than  in  the  walls  of  an  imperial 
palace.  Upon  each  and  every  one  of  these  the 
peculiar  temperament  of  the  Roman  is  stamped  and 
a  clear  insight  into  all  of  these  manifestations  of 
his  genius  unifies  and  clarifies  the  study  of  his 
histor}^.  A  fullness  of  knowledge,  capable  of  satis¬ 
fying  the  golden  moment  of  the  student’s  excited 
curiosity,  will  make  the  study  of  Roman  history 
a  vital  factor  in  his  life. 

The  several  very  excellent  works  upon  Roman 
history,  published  within  the  last  decade  by'  Ameri¬ 
can  scholars,  render  unnecessary  in  this  place  a 
detailed  statement  or  account  of  the  numerous 
works  bearing  upon  this  subject.  Part  I.  of  4 ’The 
History  Syllabus,”  a  work  which  every  teacher  of 
Roman  history  ought  to  possess,  is  devoted  to  the 
subject  of  ancient  history.  In  this  syllabus  will 
be  found  bibliographical  notes  and  suggestions 
not  only  upon  the  sources  of  Roman  history,  but 
also  upon  the  great  histories  of  Rome,  written  in 
English,  German,  and  French,  whose  comparative 
values  are  clearly  stated.  Munro’s  illustrated 
“Source  Book  of  Roman  History”  contains  an  ad¬ 
mirable  collection  of  translated  extracts  from  the 
sources, — extracts  that  are  arranged  under  topical 

A  History  Syllabus,  for  Secondary  Schools .  Prepared  by  the 
Committee  of  Seven  of  the  American  Historical  Asso¬ 
ciation.  Boston,  Heath,  1904.  $1.20. 

Munro,  D.  C.:  A  Source  Book  of  Roman  History .  Boston, 
Heath,  1904.  $1.00. 


5 


heads  and  that  illuminate  the  entire  range  of 
Roman  activity,  as  religion,  the  army,  the  consti¬ 
tution,  society,  philosophy,  and  various  special 
periods  of  the  history.  Under  each  of  the  heads, 
parallel  readings  are  also  suggested  in  more  recent 
works  bearing  upon  the  various  subjects.  This 
work,  which  should  be  used  in  connection  with  the 
text-book,  becomes  an  invaluable  companion  volume 
in  giving  life  and  reality  to  the  history.  Another 
source-book  is  that  of  Dr.  Botsford,  in  which  trans¬ 
lated  passages  from  the  sources  are  ingeniously 
interwoven,  so  as  to  form  a  continuous  story. 
These  extracts  are  largely  narrative  and  bio¬ 
graphical  and  are  chosen  with  a  view  to  clarifying 
the  lives  and  characters  of  the  great  actors  in  the 
Roman  historical  drama.  The  school  histories  of 
Myers,  West,  Morey,  and  Fairley  are  so  well  known 
that  a  word  upon  their  merits  will  suffice.  They 
are  all  well  illustrated,  they  all  take  into  account 
Roman  life  in  all  its  aspects  and  present  to  the 
student  not  only  the  sources  but  also  the  modern 
references  for  collateral  reading  upon  the  various 
phases  of  the  subject.  Professor  Morey  even 
touches  upon  the  fiction  literature  that  has  grown 
out  of  Roman  history. 

Botsford,  G.  W.  and  L,.  S.:  The  Story  of  Rome ,  as  Greeks  and 
Romans  Tell  It.  An  elementary  Source-Book.  New 
York,  Macmillan,  1903.  $0.90. 

Myers,  P.  V.  N.:  Ancient  History .  Boston,  Ginn,  rev.  ed. 
1904-  $1.50. 

West,  W.  M.:  A7icient  History .  1903,  Boston,  New  York, 

Chicago,  Allyn  &  Bacon.  $1.50. 

Morey,  W,  C.:  Outlines  of  Roman  History .  1901,  New  York, 
Cincinnati,  Chicago,  The  American  Book  Co.  $1.00. 
Seignobos,  Ch.:  History  of  the  Roman  People  (translated  by 
Wm.  Fairley).  New  York,  Holt,  1902.  $1.25. 

6 


Taking-  for  granted  then  that  Roman  history 
must  be  read  in  the  lig-ht  of  a  full  knowledg-e  of  all 
of  the  phases  of  Roman  life  and  energy,  we  may, 
perhaps,  assist  to  a  clearer  vision  of  the  truth  and 
may  encourag-e  a  wide,  collateral  reading-,  by  com¬ 
ments  upon  and  estimates  of  those  works  with 
which  every  teacher  of  Roman  history  in  every  sec¬ 
ondary  school  should  be  familiar. 

Our  discussion  will  pass  from  a  rather  rapid  con¬ 
sideration  of  those  aspects  of  Roman  life  that  are 
g-enerally  recognized  to  a  more  careful  study  of 
works  dealing-  with  subjects  that  are,  perhaps, 
usually'  treated  with  less  elaboration.  Johnston’s 
“The  Private  Life  of  the  Romans,”  by  no  means 
beyond  the  comprehension  of  the  young-er  student, 
would  reveal  to  him  a  new  and  a  strang-e  world, 
that  could  not  fail  to  stimulate,  powerfully,  his 
interest  in  Roman  history.  As  the  work  is  provid¬ 
ed  with  a  bibliography,  it  also  serves  as  a  g-uide 
for  the  teacher  who  has  the  time  and  the  inclina¬ 
tion  for  more  extensive  research.  While  all  of  the 
histories  of  Rome,  mentioned  above,  have  more  or 
less  information  on  the  subject  of  Roman  society, 
with  references  to  other  works  upon  the  subject, 
special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  very  remark¬ 
able  “Roman  Society  in  the  Last  Century  of  the 
Western  Empire”  b}^  Samuel  Dill,  for  its  clear  and 
learned  chapters  upon  the  tenacity  of  pag-anism 
and  the  causes  of  decay  of  the  middle  class.  In 

Johnston,  H,  W.:  The  Private  Life  of  the  Romans  (illus¬ 
trated).  Chicago,  Scott,  Foresman  &  Co.,  1903.  $1.50. 

Dill,  S.:  Roman  Society  in  the  Last  Century  of  the  Western 
Empire.  Dondon,  Macmillan,  1898.  $2.00. 


7 


the  matter  of  education  among-  the  Romans  one 
could  hardly  do  better  than  consult  Laurie’s  “His¬ 
torical  Survey  of  pre-Christian  Education”,  while 
the  selected  bibliography  in  Cubberly’s  “Syllabus” 
is  a  valuable  guide  to  further  reading.  For  the 
study  of  political  antiquities,  so  closely  and  imme¬ 
diately  related  to  the  study  of  Roman  history, 
Professor  Abbott’s  “A  History  and  Description  of 
Roman  Political  Institutions”  is  indispensable. 
The  importance  of  this  subject  to  the  student  of 
Roman  history  hardly  needs  to  be  dwelt  upon. 
The  scholarly  nature  of  Professor  Abbott’s  work 
renders  it  invaluable.  It  is  equipped  with  thorough 
bibliographies  of  sources  and  of  modern  works. 
The  same  praise  may  be  given  the  “Roman  Public 
Life”  of  A.  H.  J.  Greenidge.  The  brief  study  of 
the  Roman  army  by  Judson  might  serve  as  an  ad¬ 
mirable  introduction  to  the  military  affairs  of  the 
Romans,  which  played  such  an  important  part  in 
their  lives,  while,  as  an  initiation  into  the  problems 
of  Roman  religion,  “The  Roman  Festivals”  of  W. 


Faurie,  S.  S.:  Historical  Survey  of  pre-Christian  Education . 

2d  ed.,  Fongmans,  1900.  7s.  6d. 

Cubberly,  F.  P.:  Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  the  History  of 
Education ;  with  selected  bibliography.  New  York, 
Macmillan,  1902.  $2.25. 

Abbott,  F.  F A  History  and  Description  of  Roman  Political 
Institutions .  Boston,  Ginn,  1901.  $1.50. 

Judson,  H.  P.:  Caesar's  Army .  A  study  of  the  Military  Art 
of  the  Romans  in  the  Fast  Days  of  the  Republic.  Boston, 
Ginn,  1894.  $1.10. 

Greenidge,  A.  H.  J.:  Roman  Public  Life  (with  bibliography). 
New  York,  Macmillan,  1901.  $2.50. 


8 


W.  Fowler  and  Fustel  de  Coulanges’  “The  An¬ 
cient  City”  should  be  consulted.  A  fine  instance 
of  an  exhaustive  treatment  of  one  epoch  in  Roman 
history  is  Holmes’  “Caesar’s  Conquest  of  Gaul”, 
a  book  which  neither  the  teacher  of  history  nor  the 
teacher  of  Latin  can  neglect  with  impunity.  Fred¬ 
eric  Harrison’s  suggestive  essays  may  be  read  with 
much  pleasure  and  profit,  and  the  broad  outlook 
and  brilliant  conclusions  of  Seeck  ought  to  be 
brought  within  reach  of  every  English-speaking 
student  by  a  worthy  translator. 

A  very  immediate  and  obviously  practical  way 
of  gaining  the  student’s  interest  lies  in  a  clear 
reconstruction  to  the  imagination  of  the  land  of 
the  Romans,  its  geography  and  climate,  and  con¬ 
sists  in  a  vivid  portra}ral  of  the  Roman  cities,  with 
their  complex  architecture  and  life.  In  fact,  the 
history  of  the  Roman  people  must  be  to  the  aver¬ 
age  student  much  like  a  puppet-show,  unless  the 
environment  of  that  people  be  understood.  The 
influence  of  the  Italian  coast  and  of  the  Mediter- 

Fowler,  W.  W. :  1  he  Roman  Fesiivals  oj  the  Period  of  the 
Republic .  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Religion 
of  the  Romans.  New  York,  Macmillan,  1899.  $1.50. 

de  Coulanges,  Fustel :  The  Ancient  City.  Translation  by 
W.  Small.  Boston,  Fee  and  Shepard,  1889,  7th  ed.  $1.60. 
Holmes,  T.  Rice:  Caesar’s  Conquest  of  Gaul .  New  York, 
Macmillan,  1899.  $6.50. 

Harrison,  Fr.:  The  Meaning  of  History .  New  York,  Mac¬ 
millan,  1894.  $1.75. 

Seeck,  Otto :  Geschichte  des  Untergangs  der  antiken  Welt . 
Berlin,  Siemenroth  &  Troschel,  1897-1901,  2  vols.  13m 
(for  2  v.). 


9 


ranean  sea  cannot  be  overestimated;  one  sees  that 
influence  at  once  in  the  military  character  of  the 
land-people,  and  we  find  no  less  a  record  of  that 
influence  in  the  magnificent  system  of  roads  that 
the  Romans  developed.  The  Apennine  ridge,  the 
peninsula’s  back-bone,  and  the  granite  masses  of 
the  Alps  in  large  measures  determined  the  course 
of  Roman  history.  Knowing,  too,  the  architec¬ 
tural  character  of  their  cities,  we  begin  to  under¬ 
stand  better  the  true  nature  of  the  Roman  people; 
for  the  Romans  built  in  their  own  way  walls,  law- 
courts,  places  of  amusement  and  of  worship.  The 
Roman  cities  repay,  with  interest,  the  attention 
which  the  historical  student  may  devote  to  them, 
for  he  conies  from  a  study  of  them  with  a  keener 
insight  into  the  Roman  character  that  loved  the 
permanent  and  the  powerful.  The  need  of  such 
information,  geographical  and  archaeological,  for 
a  true  appreciation  of  Roman  history  hardl}^  calls 
for  comment,  and  the  immense  interest  of  these  dis¬ 
ciplines  further  recommends  them  to  the  consider¬ 
ation  of  the  historical  student-  Hannibal  at  Capua, 
Caesar  at  the  Rubicon,  Tiberius  at  Capri  grow  in 
interest  for  us  as  we  know  these  localities;  the  hor¬ 
ror  of  Jugurtha’s  fate  dawns  upon  us  when  we  real¬ 
ly  know  the  nature  of  the  Mamertine  prison;  Cicero’s 
career  gains  enormously  in  interest  by  a  knowl¬ 
edge  of  the  Roman  Forum  with  which  it  was  so 
closely  identified,  Nero’s  by  an  acquaintance  with 
the  Palatine  hill  and  its  burden  of  palaces,  and 
Pompeii  may  even  woo  the  historical  student  from 
his  own  studies  by  the  natural  beautyr  of  its  loca¬ 
tion  and  by  the  mystery  of  its  ruined  homes. 


10 


For  such  collateral  reading-  there  is  no  dearth  of 
material ;  rather,  we  suffer  from  an  embarrassment 
of  riches  that  makes  selection  a  matter  of  difficult}^ 
Professor  Lanciani  has  acted  as  a  delightful  inter¬ 
preter  for  the  American  public,  of  Roman  monu¬ 
ments,  their  history  and  their  significance,  and  in 
several  of  his  volumes  the  student  and  teacher  of 
Roman  history  will  find  much  of  value  for  the 
class-room  that  does  not  dismay  by  technicalities 
but  rather  allures  by  its  charming*  simplicity.  In 
“Ancient  Rome  in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discover¬ 
ies,”  which  is  g-enerously  illustrated,  (including 
Forum  and  Palatine  views)  there  are  chapters  on 
such  subjects  as  the  “Foundation  and  Prehistoric 
Life  of  Rome,”  “Public  Places  of  Resort,”  the 
“House  of  the  Vestals,”  “The  Palaces  of  the 
Caesars,”  and  the  “  Campagna.”  “Pagan  and 
Christian  Rome”  is  also  profusely  illustrated,  and 
some  of  its  chapters  of  especial  interest  are  entitled 
“Pagan  Shrines  and  Temples,”  “Imperial  Tombs,” 
and  “Pagan  and  Christian  Cemeteries.”  For  a 
general  survey  of  the  subject  of  Roman  architect¬ 
ure,  containing  many  suggestive  pages  for  the  his¬ 
torical  student  and  written  rather  for  the  layman 
than  for  the  specialist,  the  volumes  of  Liibke, 


Lanciani,  R.:  Ancient  Rome  in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discov¬ 
eries .  Boston  and  New  York,  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co., 
1891.  $6.00. 

Lanciani,  R.:  Pagan  and  Christian  Rome .  Boston  and  New 
York,  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  1896.  $6.00. 

Liibke,  Wm.:  Outlines  of  the  History  of  Art  (translated  from 
the  7th  German  edition  by  Clarence  Cook).  2  vols.  New 
York,  Dodd,  Mead  and  Co.,  1888.  $14.00. 


11 


Rosengarten,  Russell  Sturgis,  and  Von  Reber  may 
be  followed  with  confidence.  In  these  Roman 
architecture  is  interpreted  by  comparison  with 
other  styles,  and  Liibke  and  Von  Reber  treat,  be¬ 
sides,  the  subjects  of  sculpture  and  of  painting’. 
All  of  these  volumes  are  well  illustrated,  but  as 
their  range  is  comprehensive  and  the  compass 
within  which  great  subjects  are  treated,  small, 
they  serve  merely  as  excellent  introductions  to  a 
wider  and  deeper  stud}r  of  the  problems  involved. 
Another  somewhat  popular  treatise  which  could 
hardty  fail  to  contribute  considerable  stimulus  to 
the  student’s  interest  is  the  work  of  Boissier,  en¬ 
titled  “Rome  and  Pompeii,”  a  series  of  archae¬ 
ological  rambles,  including,  among  other  places, 
the  Forum,  the  Palatine,  the  Catacombs,  Hadrian’s 
Villa,  Ostia,  and  Pompeii.  For  the  purpose  we 
have  in  mind,  undoubtedly  the  best  thing  in  Eng¬ 
lish  on  the  subject  of  Pompeii  is  the  very  attractive 
volume  of  Mau-Kelsey,  to  which  these  scholars 
bring  all  the  accuracy  and  richness  of  profound 
learning  and  the  rare  charm  of  a  felicitous  style. 

Rosengarten,  A.:  A  Ha?idbook  of  Architectural  Styles  (trans¬ 
lated  by  W.  Collett-Sandars).  London,  Chatto  and 
Windus,  1889.  $2.50. 

Sturgis.  Russell :  Europea?i  Architecture .  An  historical 
study.  New  York,  Macmillan,  1896.  $4.00. 

Von  Reber,  Fran  2  :  History  of  Ancient  Art  (translated  and 
augmented  by  J.  T.  Clarke).  New  York,  Harper,  1883. 
$3.50. 

Boissier,  Gaston:  Rome  and  Pompeii  (translated  by  D. 

Havelock  Fisher).  New  York,  Putnam’s,  1896.  $2.50. 

Mau,  Aug.  &  F.  W.  Kelsey :  Pompeii,  Its  Life  and  Art. 
New  York,  Macmillan,  1902.  $6.00  and  $2.50. 


12 


The  work  is  rich^  illustrated,  treats  Pompeii’s 
Life  and  Art  as  well  as  her  Buildings,  and  contains 
a  complete  bibliographical  appendix.  In  this  cate¬ 
gory  might  also  be  mentioned  the  authoritative 
contribution  to  the  literature  on  Etruscan  Archae¬ 
ology,  entitled  “The  Cities  and  Cemeteries  of 
Etruria,”  by  George  Dennis,  which,  considering 
the  great  influence  of  Etruscan  life,  architecture 
and  institutions  upon  the  Roman  historical  develop¬ 
ment,  should  certainly'  be  consulted.  For  still 
another  side  of  the  subject,  Lowrie’s  “Early 
Christian  Art  and  Archaeology”  will  be  found 
reliable.  In  the  “International  Quarterly,”  an 
almost  romantic,  though  none  the  less  scientific 
article  appeared  on  the  “Roman  Campagna,”  by 
Sir  Archibald  Geikie.  The  subject  of  Italy’s  geog¬ 
raphy  and  climate  has  not  been  adequately  treated 
in  English,  though  in  Smith’s  “Dictionary  of 
Greek  and  Roman  Geography,”  a  very  thorough 
article  on  “Italia”  may  be  found;  the  history, 
ethnography,  climate,  natural  products,  popula¬ 
tion,  and  boundaries  of  Italy  are  discussed.  Tozer’s 
“Classical  Geography”  does  not  claim  to  be  more 
than  a  primer,  and  devotes  only  two  brief  chapters 

Dennis,  Geo..  The  Cities  and  Cemeteries  of  Etruria .  2  vols. 

London,  Jno.  Murray.  Rev.  ed.  1883.  21s. 

Lowrie,  Walter:  Early  Christian  Art  and  Archaeology. 

Monuments  of  the  Larly  Christian  Church  (illustr.) 

with  bibliography.  1901,  New  York,  Macmillan.  $1.75. 
The  Internatio7ial  Quarterly .  Vol.  ix,  No.  2.  $1.00. 

Smith,  Wm.:  A  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Geography. 

London,  Jno.  Murray,  2  vols.,  1872-3.  $12.00. 

Tozer,  H.  F..  Classical  Geography ,  New  York,  Appleton, 

1889.  $1.00. 


13 


(pages  92-120)  to  Italy.  Nissen’s  “  Landeskunde  ” 
is  the  great  work  upon  this  subject.  Robert  Burn’s 
“Rome  and  the  Campagna”  may  also  be  referred 
to,  in  this  connection,  for  the  same  problem  is 
treated  in  the  chapters  “Geology  and  Climate  of 
Rome,”  and  the  “Campagna.”  Burn’s  work,  which 
Professor  Middleton  spoke  of  as  “by  far  the  best 
general  work  in  English,”  is  still  valuable  for  the 
archaeologist,  and  well  illustrates  the  general  im¬ 
portance  to  history  of  archaeology, — which,  mak¬ 
ing  a  direct  appeal  to  actual  existing  monuments 
and  sites,  brings  the  events  of  Roman  history  very 
close  to  the  mind  and  imagination. 

In  another  group  we  might  speak  of  a  few  more 
works  on  Roman  Archaeology  and  Topography, 
more  because  of  their  intrinsic  merit  and  scholarly 
character  than  because  of  their  probable  immediate 
value  to  the  average  class  in  Roman  history.  Such 
preliminary  studies  as  have  been  suggested  above 
might  readily  whet  the  appetite  for  further  read¬ 
ing  in  this  subject,  for  its  own  sake.  Middleton’s 
“  The  Remains  of  Ancient  Rome  ”  is  standard  and 
contains  very  full  accounts  of  the  architectural 
growth  of  the  Eternal  City  and  of  its  monuments. 
Platner’s  “Topography  and  Monuments  of  Ancient 

Nissen,  H.:  Italische  Landeskunde .  Vol.  i,  Land  u.  Leute . 
1883.  Vol.  ii,  (2  parts)  Die  Stadte.  1902.  Berlin, 
Weidmann.  23m  (2  v. ) 

Burn,  R.:  Rome  and  the  Campagna.  London,  Bell  and 
Daldy,  1871.  63s. 

Middleton,  J.  H.:  The  Remains  of  Ancient  Rome .  p.  xxxii, 
vol.  i.  2  vols.  Adam  &  Charles  Black,  I^ondon  and 
Edinburgh.  New  York,  Macmillan,  1892.  $7.00. 

Platner,  S.  B.:  The  Topography  and  Monuments  of  Ancient 
Rome.  Boston,  Allyn  and  Bacon,  1904.  $3.00. 


14 


Rome”  is  of  the  greatest  value  for  the  American 
student,  and  covers  the  subject  with  much  thor¬ 
oughness.  Lanciani’s  “Ruins  and  Excavations  of 
Ancient  Rome,”  written  in  the  same  appreciative 
spirit  as  the  other  volumes  of  Professor  Lanciani 
mentioned  above?  is  full  of  enthusiasm  for  the 
subject,  and  although  it  makes  no  claims  to  finality' 
or  to  a  complete  treatment  of  various  monuments, — 
is  an  inspiring-  companion  volume  to  those  of 
Middleton  and  of  Platner.  All  three  volumes  are 
abundantly  provided  with  maps,  plans  and  illus¬ 
trations.  This  brief  statement  of  archaeological 
works  would  be  incomplete  without  reference  to 
the  brilliant  discussion  of  Thedenat  “Le  Forum 
Romain  et  les  Forums  Imperiaux,”  and  without 
mention  of  those  master  works  “  Topographie  der 
Stadt  Rom,”  by  Professor  Richter,  and  Kraus’ 
“Geschichte  der  Christlichen  Kunst.” 


Lanciani,  R.:  The  Ruins  and  Excavations  of  Ancient  Rome . 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  1897,  Boston  and  New  York. 
$4.50. 

Thedenat,  H.:  Le  Forum  Romain  et  les  Forums  Impdriaux . 
2d  ed.  Paris,  Hachette  et  Cie.  1904.  6f. 

Richter,  Otto :  Topographie  der  Stadt  Rom.  Miinchen,  1901. 
C.  H.  Beck’sche  Verlagsbuchhandlung.  15m. 

Kraus,  F.  X.:  Geschichte  der  Christlichen  Kunst .  2  vols. 

Freiburg  iin  Breisgau.  Herder’sche  Verlagsbuchhand- 
lung,  1896-1900.  38m. 


15 


[The  appended  statement  is  one  of  illustrative 
material  of  the  utmost  value,  the  free  use  of  which 
will  add  greatly  to  the  interest  of  the  study  of 
Roman  history.  As  the  character  of  Italy  and, 
more  particularly,  of  Rome  thus  becomes  clear  to 
the  student  he  can  escape  neither  the  charm  of  the 
one  nor  the  power  of  the  other,  not  idly  called  the 
“Eternal  City.”] 


Kiepert,  Henry  :  Atlas  Antiquus .  12  maps  (colored)  of  the 

Ancient  World.  11th  ed.  Heach,  Shewell  and  Sanborn, 
Boston,  New  York  and  Chicago.  $2.50. 

Kiepert,  H.:  Wall  Maps.  D.  Reimer  (publisher),  Berlin,  or 
Rand,  McNally  &  Co.,  Chicago  and  New  York. 

Ginn  &  Co.:  Classical  Atlas.  23  colored  maps.  James 
Cranstoun,  editor.  Boston,  New  York,  Chicago.  $1.25 
or  $2.50. 

Outline  Atlases  for  History  Classes  ;  each  atlas  contains  25 
outline  maps  and  specific  page  references  to  the  his¬ 
torical  atlases  and  text-books,  where  material  can  be 
gained  for  filling-  in  of  the  maps  ;  also 

No.  5 — Outline  Atlas  for  Roman  History  ;  contains  25  out¬ 
line  maps  arranged  in  chronological  order, — 1.  Physical 
Features  of  Italy,  3.  Roman  Domain  509-450  B.  C.,  20. 
Roman  Fmpire  under  Trajan.  Size,  8^x12  inches. 
Price,  20c.  net ;  also 

Outline  Maps,  separate.  Harge  size,  10%  x7^  inches,  75c. 
per  100.  Small  size,  7)6  x5)6  inches,  50c.  per  100.  The 
McKinley  Publishing  Company,  6004  Germantown  Ave., 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

The  Ivanhoe  Historical  Note-Book  Series — Atkinson,  Ment- 
zer,  and  Grover,  Chicago  and  Boston.  Pt.  iii.  Ancient 
History.  40  outline  maps,  arranged  in  a  chronological 
series.  25c.  Such  maps  furnish  the  physical  setting  of 
historical  movements. 

Cosmos  Pictures  Company,  296  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

(a)  standard  size,  6  x  8$6  inches,  10  for  25c.,  50  for  $1.00. 

(b)  large  sizes  j  ^  Inches.'  }  4  for  25c”  20  for  |1-00' 
“  Cosmos  ”  Pictures  of  Roman  Sculpture  and  Architecture. 


16 


Brown  Pictures.  Geo.  P.  Brown  &  Co.,  38  Lovett  Street, 
Beverly,  Mass. 

Regular  size,  5^  x8  inches,  1c.  each,  120  for  $1.00. 
Miniature  size,  3  x  3%  inches,  2  for  lc. 

Large  size,  9  x  12  inches,  3c. 

Platinoprints,  7x9  inches,  3c. 

Carbonprints,  7x9  inches,  3c. 

Gravureprints,  9x12  inches,  5c.  each. 

Wall  pictures,  25c.  each. 

Perry  Pictures.  Perry  Picture  Company,  Malden,  Mass, 
lc.  each. 

Photographs  of  Roman  and  Italian  scenes,  monuments,  etc., 
may  be  ordered  of  D.  Anderson,  via  Salaria  7a,  Rome, 
Italy,  and  of  G.  Sommer  e  Figlio,  Largo  Vittoria, 
Naples,  Italy.  1  fr.  each, 

For  Lantern  Slides.  The  two  firms  mentioned  above  and 
T.  H.  McAllister,  49  Nassau  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y.; 
Dr.  Arthur  S.  Cooley,  Auburndale,  Mass.; 

Principal  Geo.  R.  Swain,  Bay  City  High  School,  Bay 
City,  Mich. 

G.  F.  Hill :  Illustrations  of  School  Classics .  Macmillan  & 
Co.,  London,  1903.  10s.  6d.  29  colored  plates  and  numer¬ 
ous  illustrations.  Illustrations  of  buildings,  cities, 
country,  religion,  mythology,  antiquities,  barbarians, 
etc. 


Under  the  determining  influence  of  that  course 
of  events  which  we  may  denominate  as  the  evol¬ 
ution  of  Roman  history  the  character  of  Roman 
literature  was  shaped  and  its  development  pro¬ 
foundly  affected.  Roman  literature,  a  direct  pro¬ 
duct  and  expression  of  Roman  life,  clearly  reveals 
the  character  of  the  Roman  people  and  its 
gradual  complete  transformation.  We  read  in 
that  literature  the  mystery  of  a  constantly  chang¬ 
ing  attitude  toward  life,  the  direct  resultant 


17 


of  a  background  of  kaleidoscopic  political  move¬ 
ments.  Not  a  page  of  Roman  history  but  is  illu* 
minated  by  reference  to  Rome’s  literature.  Not 
a  page  of  Roman  literature  but  which,  in  some  way 
explains  the  web  and  woof  of  Roman  history. 
Plautus’  energy,  Cicero’s  vacillation,  Virgil’s  mel¬ 
ancholy,  Tacitus’  bitterness,  Pliny’s  sentimentality 
are  but  the  reflex  of  a  national  temper,  passing 
through  manifold  phases.  A  study  of  the  Cartha¬ 
ginian  wars  is  not  sufficient  for  a  true  knowledge 
of  the  third  and  second  centuries  B.  C.;  such  knowl¬ 
edge  must  also  take  account  of  the  Plautine  comedy. 
The  Social  Wars  of  the  first  century  B.  C.  do  not 
tell  the  entire  tale  of  Rome’s  activity  during  a 
memorable  hundred  years;  the  poem  of  the  Epicu¬ 
rean  recluse  is  also  an  historical  chapter  of  the 
greatest  value  on  the  higher  aspiration  of  that 
same  age.  The  Aeneid,  instinct  as  it  is  with  the 
spiritual  fire  and  religious  unrest  of  a  great  tran¬ 
sition  age,  is  as  important  an  historical  document 
as  the  “Monumentum  Ancyranum”.  The  history 
of  the  Empire  period  is  to  be  read  in  the  satire  of 
protest  against  vice  as  much  as  in  the  annals  of  bat¬ 
tle.  Prom  Ennius’  “Annals”  to  Apuleius’  “Myth 
of  Cupid  and  Psyche”  is  a  far  cry,  but  each  is 
true  to  its  own  epoch,  although  the  latter  be  alien 
to  the  former.  It  were  presumptions  to  insist  fur¬ 
ther  upon  the  importance  of  this  collateral  work 
for  the  student  of  Roman  history;  it  is  my  pleas¬ 
anter  task  to  act  as  mystagogue  through  the  lab)r- 
rinth  of  rich  material,  concerned  with  this  subject. 

The  histories  of  Roman  literature  may,  in  the 
main,  perhaps,  be  only  of  general  value  to  the  tea- 


18 


cher  of  Roman  history,  but  none  the  less  they  are 
a  positive  inspiration, — to  be  used  either  by  him¬ 
self  or  by  the  student  as  exigencies  of  time  and 
place  permit,  always  with  a  view  to  clarifying  the 
age  whose  formal  history  may  be  under  considera¬ 
tion.  An  “Introduction  to  Classical  Latin  Litera¬ 
ture”  b)r  Wm.  C.  Lawton  is  a  recent  contribution 
by  American  scholarship,  whose  value  for  our  pur¬ 
poses  is  very  great.  The  author  is  constant^  con¬ 
scious  of  his  historical  background  and  by  chrono¬ 
logical  tables  brings  into  parallel  columns,  politi¬ 
cal  and  literary  events.  The  style  is  pleasing 
and  the  treatment  sympathetic,  making  the  volume 
a  most  useful  one  for  the  younger  student,  while 
bibliographical  notes  add  to  its  value  for  the  more 
ambitious  scholar.  The  study  of  Roman  history 
should  be  enlivened  by  readings  from  “Masterpieces 
of  Latin  Literature,”  which  have  been  collected  in 
translation  by  Gordon  J.  Laing.  Whether  it  be 
a  play  of  Terence  or  letters  of  Cicero  or  a  selection 
from  Petronius,  such  collateral  readings  cannot 
fail  to  arouse  the  historical  imagination,  besides 
creating  the  correct  impression  that  literature  was, 
after  all,  not  merely  a  hostage  in  the  Roman  camp. 
When  once  a  genuine  interest  has  been  created  in 
Rome’s  literature,  perhaps  the  keener  minds  will 
crave  more  information  touching  this  side  of  the 
Roman  genius.  Tyrrell’s  volume  on  “Latin  Poetry,” 

Hawton,  W.  C. :  hitroduction  to  Classical  Latin  Literature . 

New  York,  Chas.  Scribner,  1904.  $1.20. 

Taing,  Gordon  J.:  Masterpieces  of  Latin  Literature  (trans¬ 
lations,  with  brief  biographical  sketches  and  notes). 
Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  1903.  $1.00. 

Tyrrell,  R.  Y.:  Latin  Poetry .  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co., 
Boston  and  New  York,  1895.  $1.50. 

19 


written  with  the  deft  hand  of  an  impressionistic 
artist,  is  sure  to  inspire  a  desire  for  further  knowl¬ 
edge,  no  longer  satisfied  with  snap-shot  judgments 
or  curb-stone  opinions.  It  might  be  well  at  this 
stage  to  turn  to  another  work  on  Latin  literature, 
teeming  with  enthusiasm,  viz.  that  by  J.  W. 
Mackail.  For  a  full  treatment  of  all  of  the  literary 
problems,  thus  far  suggested,  Cruttwell’s  “History 
of  Roman  Literature”  will  be  found  invaluable. 
In  this  volume,  too,  the  threads  of  history  and  of 
literature  are  interwoven  and  the  debt  of  each  to 
the  other  is  made  manifest.  Middleton  and  Mills’ 
“Companion  to  Latin  Authors”  is  virtually  a 
source-book  for  the  lives  of  the  Roman  authors  and 
the  circumstances  of  their  work. 

For  a  still  more  intensive  study  of  Roman  liter¬ 
ature,  the  student  should  be  referred  to  the  follow¬ 
ing  works :  Sellar’s  great  studies  of  the  Roman 
poets  are  truly  monumental  and  epoch-making, 
destined  to  remain  a  contribution  of  permanent 
value  to  the  literary  study  of  Catullus,  Lucretius, 

Mackail,  J.  W.:  Latin  Literature .  New  York,  Scribner, 
1895.  $1.25. 

Cruttwell,  C.  T.:  A  Llistory  of  Roman  Literature,  from  the 
Barliest  Period  to  the  Death  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  New 
York,  Scribner,  1892.  $2.50. 

Middleton,  Geo.  and  Mills,  T.  R.:  The  Student's  Companion 
to  Latin  Authors.  New  York,  Macmillan,  1896.  $1.50. 

Sellar,  W,  Y.:  The  Roman  Poets  of  the  Augustan  Age. 
Horace  and  the  Bleglac  Poets.  Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press,  1892.  $3.50. 

The  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic .  New  York,  Macmillan, 
3d  ed.,  1889.  $2.50. 

The  Roman  Poets  of  the  Augustan  Age.  Virgil.  New 
York,  Macmillan,  3d  ed.,  1897.  $2.25. 


20 


Plautus,  Ennius,  Horace,  and  Virgil.  In  these 
volumes  we  find  a  complete  and  exhaustive  account 
of  the  authors’  lives  and  of  their  total  environment, 
coupled  with  a  keenly  analytic  and  appreciative 
discussion  of  their  literal  productions.  F.  W.  H. 
Myers’  remarkable  essay  on  Virgil  is  full  of  the 
most  brilliant  touches  of  a  rich  imagination  that 
penetrates  the  deepest  secrets  of  the  Roman  poet’s 
heart  and  mind.  Julia  Wedgwood  also  possesses 
this  rare  gift  of  penetration  and  her  paper  on 
Virgil,  appearing-  in  the  44  Contemporary  Review,’’ 
must  be  noted.  Still  another  aspect  of  the  poet’s 
influence, — the  posthumous  fortunes  of  Virgil,  as 
Dante’s  g*uide,  as  the  magician  of  the  Middle  Ag-es, 
and  as  a  prophet  of  the  Gentiles — is  revealed  in  the 
studies  of  Tunison  and  of  Comparetti.  44  The 
Ancient  Classical  Drama”  is  a  study  in  literary 
evolution  by  Professor  Moulton,  which  considers 
the  birth  and  development  of  trag-edy  and  of 
comedy,  as  a  species  of  literature,  subject  to  bio¬ 
logical  laws.  Matthews’  “The  Development  of  the 
Drama”  is  the  first  single  volume  in  Engiish  that 


Myers,  F.  W.  H.:  Essays  Classical:  Greek  Oracles,  Virgil, 
M.  A.  Antoninus.  Fondon,  Macmillan,  1897.  $1.25. 

Wedgwood,  Julia  :  Virgil .  The  Contemporary  Review,  1877. 

Tunison,  J.  S,.  Master  Virgil .  Cincinnati,  Robt.  Clarke  & 
Co.,  1890.  $2.00. 

Comparetti,  D.:  Vergil  in  the  Middle  Ages.  (Translation 
by  F.  F.  M.  Benecke.  Introduction  by  R.  Fllis.)  Mac¬ 
millan,  1895.  $2.25. 

Moulton,  R.  G.:  The  Ancient  Classical  Drama.  Macmillan, 
1890.  $2.25. 

Matthews,  Br.:  The  Development  of  the  Drama.  Scribner, 
New  York,  1903.  $1.25. 


21 


gives  a  complete  history  of  drama,  and  it  is  written 
not  so  much  from  the  philosophic  or  aesthetic 
point  of  view  as  from  the  technical,  that  of  crafts¬ 
manship.  In  Saintsbury’s  “History  of  Criticism, ” 
the  Latin  literary  criticism  of  Cicero,  Horace,  and 
Quintilian  stands  out  in  relief  against  the  Greek 
and  against  the  mediaeval  methods  of  criticism. 
Finally,  Burn’s  “Roman  Literature  in  Relation  to 
Roman  Art,”  although  the  author’s  conclusions 
can  by  no  means  be  accepted  in  toto,  possesses 
great  value  for  pointing  out  the  unity  of  Roman 
experience  which  produced  similar  results  in  liter¬ 
ature,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  apropos  to  make  a  plea 
for  combining  into  one  great  whole  the  sum  total 
of  our  knowledge  of  the  Roman  people  with  a  view 
to  lifting  the  teaching  of  their  history  to  a  very 
dignified  plane.  As  side-lights  are  thrown  upon 
the  course  of  Roman  history,  the  march  of  the 
Roman  legion  and  the  transformation  of  a  kingdom 
into  a  republic,  which  eventuated  in  a  world-empire, 
becomes  a  tale  of  irresistible  fascination.  Not  only 
is  the  unity  of  Roman  civilization  thus  apprehended, 
but  the  significance  of  the  Roman  moment  in  the 
world’s  history  is  clearly  established. 


Saintsbury,  Geo.:  A  History  of  Criticism .  New  York,  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.,  2  v.,  1902.  2d.  ed.  $3.50  each. 

Burn,  Robert :  Romati  Literature  in  Relation  to  Roman  Art, 
(Illustrated.)  New  York,  Macmillan,  1888.  $2.25. 


22 


[The  following'  works  are  recommended  as  very 
useful  aids.  They  require  no  special  comment.] 

Smith,  Wm.,  Wayte,  Wm.,  Marindin,  J.  E}.:  A  Dictionary 
of  Greek  and  Roma?i  Antiquities.  London,  Jno.  Murray, 
3d  ed.,  1890-91.  3  vols.  (Contains  many  engravings  on 
wood.)  $14.00. 

Smith,  Wm.:  A  Dictioyiary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography 
a?id  Mythology .  (Illustrated.)  Boston,  Little  &  Brown, 
1849.  3  vols.  $18.00. 

Harper’s  Dictionary  of  Classical  Literature  and  Latin  An¬ 
tiquities.  H.  T.  Peck,  editor.  (Illustrated.)  New  York, 
Harper,  1897.  $6.00. 

Gow,  J.:  A  Coynpanion  to  School  Classics.  New  York,  Mac¬ 
millan,  1896.  3d  ed.  $1.75.  (An  excellent,  short  treat¬ 
ise  on  many  topics,  as  philosophy,  drama,  the  alphabet, 
government,  the  army,  law,  chronology,  etc.).  $1.75. 

Kelsey,  F.  W.:  Fifty  Topics  in  Roman  Antiquities,  with 
References.  Boston,  Allyn  &  Bacon,  1891.  55 c. 

D’Ooge  B.  L.:  Helps  to  the  Study  of  Classical  Mythology. 
Ann  Arbor,  Geo.  Wahr,  1899.  (Bibliographic  in  char¬ 
acter.)  45c. 

Wilkins,  A.  S.:  Classical  Antiquities.  (Illustrated.)  New 
York,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  The  American  Book  Co. 
(This  volume  appears  in  the  “  History  Primers  ”  series, 
edited  by  J.  R.  Green.)  35c. 

Collins,  W.  L-:  Ancient  Classics  for  English  Readers.  Phila¬ 
delphia,  Iyippincott.  (The  Roman  authors  treated  are  ; 
Caesar,  Virgil,  Horace,  Cicero,  Pliny  the  Younger, 
Juvenal,  Plautus,  Terence,  Tacitus,  Livy,  Ovid,  Catul¬ 
lus,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  and  Lucretius.)  $9.00  for  9  v. 

Baedeker,  K.:  Handbooks  for  Travellers. 

i.  Northern  Italy.  11th  ed.  ’99.  8  M. 

ii.  Central  Italy  and  Rome.  13th  ed.  1900.  7  m.  50. 

iii.  Southern  Italy  and  Sicily.  13th  ed.  1900.  6  M. 

Leipzig,  K.  Baedeker.  (Also,  Scribner.) 


23 


